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AMAP Mk. III

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General Information

Land warrior is not a single unit, but a system, spread out among multiple units, and integrated directly into ground vehicles, aircraft, and soldier's armor. Intended predominately to provide intelligence to the user, the system allows for easier control and access to sophisticated smart technology present, and to offer these capabilities on every level of the battlefield.

The system not only provides soldiers with information, but commanders and other soldiers with information about them. From heart rate, to breathing, to general medical information, and updated information in the field, the system serves to integrate up to date information and rapid access to the field and commanders, to provide a method of interaction in both tactical and strategic never seen before without these installations.

The soldier now has access to all or most of the basic command and radio communications (assuming someone on their channel is hooked up to a primary radio system, which is of course transferred to a minor radio system). The user can either access various verbal radio channels or text based radio channels, in order to minimize their input of verbal sounds and prevent "Helmet Fire". This is hooked up to the EPLRS system, and allows near real time information on secure, jam free channels for quick available tactical data. It also has a GPS based IDFF "Identification friend or foe" system, that allows user to see relative distances between individuals with the GPS system on a motion tracker like grid, and as well as see their teammates relative positions on a map in a zoomable and outzoomable positions, with an appearance similar to google maps. This information can be relayed to various other units, such as mobile vehicles and aircraft, as well as command centers, to give a ,more accurate layout to commanders and support units, to prevent fire from assisted attacks other than infantry as well.

All the information is hooked up the Liquid crystal display in the facemask, allowing for an uplink of the round counter, scope, text based radio chatter, notice on active radio channels, view of the volume of the radio, time (date, time of day, etc.), and GPS based map with the position of friendly units (with the GPS motion tracking devices active on their person or vehicle) and geographic area of the terrain. This can all be controlled by the neural computer interface, providing hands off control of all the system's computer capabilities. The device also possess the ability for customization, allowing the user view of all of the applications at varying degrees of transparency, and at any position on the HUD. The device also can be completely turned off, providing complete and clear view through the facemask.

The entire unit weighs approximately 10-15 pounds, although in conjunction with armor it can be lighter, the armor replacing some of the support functions of the device (such as the case for the battery or the head's up display). The individual soldier system also has an estimated cost of around 15,000 dollars.



Scope- The scope is essentially a low profile 4-10x zoom 60mm thermal scope design to be attached to standard picatinny rails. It is a low profile scope, with a rail on top of it, similiar to that of the G36; the picatinny rails rest on top of the scope, where iron sights are then placed on top. The rail then extends out on top of the scope, and the iron sights raise up above the scope, to provide accurate fire. A small circular plastic hole allows for view through the support structure for the raised iron sights. Thus, the iron sights are on top of the scope, providing both for combat.

In addition, an additional scope can be mounted in front of the thermal scope to provide additional vision increase. The two scopes can be stacked

Round Counter- The round counter is a device that is essentially designed to count the amount of rounds fired by the user, and document and log specific information about the rounds fired, including time, firing patterns, and volume. The device is based off of the Black Box, and can either be placed inside of the pistol grip of the weapon, the stock, or placed inside the receiver. The round counter is connected to the Land Warrior system, and allows for the user to see the amounts of round fired and remaining in their magazine, and if programmed correctly, their entire pack.

While this can be displayed on the helmet, it is also possible to display on the weapon, with an LCD device. Overall simple in construction, it can only provide a limited degree of information based on the accuracy of the information input by the user, however this makes it consume less energy and be more durable.

Laser range finder- The weapon utilizes a laser range finder with a range of up to 2KM, present on the weapon. The device can be utilized to measure the speeds of the target and find it's distance. The device uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object. The most common form of laser rangefinder operates on the time of flight principle by sending a laser pulse in a narrow beam towards the object and measuring the time taken by the pulse to be reflected off the target and returned to the sender. Due to the high speed of light, this technique is not appropriate for high precision sub-millimeter measurements, where triangulation and other techniques are often used. This is similiar to the AN/GVS-5 laser range finder.

The same device can also be used to emit an ordinary infrared laser. This can be utilized with a thermal scope in order to see the laser, but keep it hidden from enemy view. This focuses as an ordinary laser sight, although it has a longer range and it hidden from enemy view, provided they don't have thermal vision.

Neural Interface- The system is a non-invasive neural uplink to the land warrior system and is based off of the EPOC nueroheadset. The device uses 14 saline sensors for optimal positioning for accurate spatial resolution, while the integrated gyroscope generates optimal positional information for cursor and camera controls. The high performance wireless up-link gives users a total range of motion, although it can be hooked to any device through the use of wires. The device is USB compatible and requires no custom drivers.

The device allows for simple cursor moving as well as basic key commands. In addition, the device comes with automated programmable key commands, allowing easily customizable "quick commands" that the user can exploit for a much faster use of the available technology. The device can operate at the speed of the user's thoughts, allowing them to control their electronic uplink much faster in a hand off's environment. This device is also hooked up to the scope allowing for a much quicker zoom feature and is hooked up to the radio commands to allow quick, hands off text communication.

Processing core- The processing core of the unit is a highly modified Apple 6 iphone based computer system. The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated triple-core PowerVR SGX 543MP3 graphics processing unit (GPU). The A6 chip also incorporates 1GB of LPDDR2-1066 RAM compared to 512MB of LPDDR2-800 RAM in the iPhone 4S providing double the memory capacity while increasing the theoretical memory bandwidth from 6.4 GB/s to 8.5 GB/s.

Manufactured by Samsung on a High-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process, the chip is 96.71 mm2 large which is 22% smaller than the A5 and it consumes less power than its predecessor.

Information is scarce but the Swift core uses a new tweaked instruction set, ARMv7s, featuring some elements of the ARM Cortex-A15 such as support for the Advanced SIMD v2, and VFPv4. Analysis suggests that the Swift core has a triple-wide frontend and two FPUs, compared to a two-wide core with a single FPU in the Cortex-A9 based predecessor. A version of the A6 with higher frequency and four graphic cores is called Apple A6X and is found in the fourth generation iPad.

The device however, utilizes graphene transistors, a material with the best computation speed present in miniaturized electronics. A nano engineered material, it is capable of speeds up to 100 ghz, and thus is substantially faster than standard civilian processing units. Further more, these units are substantially more durable, having operating temperatures in the thousands of degrees and being 200 times stronger than steel. Combined with this, the system can operate at much higher speeds and has a much longer life over the standard armscale devices. It possesses nearly a terabyte of information storage, stored on an SSD, which is significantly faster, more durable, and smaller than a standard hard drive. It primarily allows for faster reading and writing of information, as well as no chance of fragmentation when doing so, but is generally more expensive. Unlike the iphone, it's connected to a substantially larger battery, and thus can last much longer. As well, it has a liquid cooled radiator as a cooling device, which allows it to operate in a wide variety of conditions, and gives it the ability to overclock without destroying itself.

In addition, the device is specialized to work with a modified version of linux, of which the program is written in. It utilizes a slightly different version of the computing system, as to make it difficult for commercial devices to interact with it, therefore making it harder to hack or infiltrate.


GPS- A standard GPS is added to fit on the utility belt or in a pocket of the suit. The GPS has a rail attachment, so that it may be added to the gun and removed with relative ease. The GPS can send out both a broadcasting signal, or a small screen can be presented to present the position of the unit. Essentially, the GPS provides a map and a locations device, allowing the user to see the layout of the area through the screen. In addition to this, the gps may be hooked up with the land warrior system or to a scope. Usually, however, it is placed next to the computer device on the back of the suit, where the majority of components are housed.

Radio-frequency identification- The radio frequency identification chips are plugged into the armor, usually the soldier, to allow the easy identification of friendly troops without GPS positioning. These provide valuable information, ranging from name, rank, current position, and even medical information. The device is essentially an active Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system (if the batteries wear our), and An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) which uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader, with battery assistance. They're mil spec design with a particularly owned frequency, that has a range of 2000 feet.

While these do not provide global positioning, they do provide more accurate readings and local readings if the GPS systems go out or are unable to work due to dense foliage or cover (such as in a building). More powerful radios can be carried with the crew, to allow longer range detection of the systems.

Sonar based Identification system- The system is essentially a sonar based identification system, similar to those used in advanced fish finders, but specialized for use in the air. While the quality varies, the ultra-sonar high kilo hzt variant allows for an accurate 3-dimensional rendering of a 100 foot radius area, given enough time. It can easily pick up motion, and generally can pick up the presence of humans or other living creatures. While it travels faster through solid fixtures, thus allowing it to essentially, see through walls, it is difficult and times time to render such an environment, and therefore additionally requires a unit to stay outside the facility for a given time, to make out what might be a small area. These systems are also hard to see without large computer screens, and may take proper analysis to figure out how to enter the facility.

Larger ones can be combined with the system to provide a larger area map out, and thus an easier stationary system to figure out the the layout of a facility or area.

Radio communication Network- The armor comes equipped with a standard AN-PRC-148, a Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR), which is the most widely fielded handheld multiband, tactical software-defined radio, in use with NATO forces around the world. The radio is hooked up to the headphones and standard speaker of the armor, and can connect with the land warrior software present. These can be linked to the vehicle radio systems, which are substantially more powerful than hand held variants.

Rather than carry large radios, these devices are generally carried by unmanned tracked vehicles, such as the RIPSAW. While the carried radios are much lighter and have a much smaller range, when connected to the larger radio unit, these unmanned vehicles can provide invaluable communication abilities, even at extremely far ranges, and they do not require a unit from the squad.

Power Source- The lithium–titanate battery is a type of rechargeable battery, which has the advantage of being faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries. Titanate batteries are used in Mitsubishi's i-MiEV electric vehicle and Honda uses them in its EV-neo electric bike and Fit EV, which will be launched in summer 2012. A lithium–titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals on the surface of its anode instead of carbon. This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly. This makes fast recharging possible and provides high currents when needed.

The disadvantage is that lithium-titanate batteries have a lower inherent voltage, which leads to a lower energy density than conventional lithium-ion battery technologies.

Toshiba released a lithium–titanate battery, dubbed Super Charge Ion Battery (SCiB).The battery is designed to offer 90% charge capacity in just 10 minutes. SCiB batteries are used in the Schwinn Tailwind electric bike. Toshiba has also demonstrated its use as a prototype laptop battery. Toshiba SCiB batteries are also used in Mitsubishi's i-MiEV and Minicab MiEV electric vehicles, and Honda uses them in its EV-neo electric bike and Fit EV model which will be launched in summer 2012. The batteries within the land warrior system are based off of these batteries.

Heart Rate Monitor- The heart rate monitor goes onto the wrist, like a standard watch, and can even tell time. The heart rate monitors comprises two elements: a chest strap transmitter and a wrist receiver or mobile phone (which usually doubles as a watch or phone). In early plastic straps water or liquid was required to get good performance. The units now use conductive smart fabric with built-in microprocessors which analyze the EKG signal to determine heart rate.

Strapless heart rate monitors allow the user to just touch two sensors on a wristwatch display for a few seconds to view their heart rate. These are popular for their comfort and ease of use though they don't give as much detail as monitors which use a chest strap; to get more detailed information longer time frames with the chest monitor are required. It can also be utilized to measure blood pressure; this information is particularly useful for medics or to determine the medical capabilities of a soldier.

Bone Conduction Headphones- Bone conduction is the conduction of sound to the inner ear through the bones of the skull.

Bone conduction is the reason why a person's voice sounds different to him/her when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and deeper than others do. This also explains why a recording of one's own voice sounds higher than one is accustomed to.

Some hearing aids employ bone conduction, achieving an effect equivalent to hearing directly by means of the ears. A headset is ergonomically positioned on the temple and cheek and the electromechanical transducer, which converts electric signals into mechanical vibrations, sends sound to the internal ear through the cranial bones. Likewise, a microphone can be used to record spoken sounds via bone conduction. The first description, in 1923, of a bone conduction hearing aid was Hugo Gernsback's "Osophone", which he later elaborated on with his "Phonosone".

Bone conduction products have following advantages over traditional headphones:

• Ears-free, thus providing extended use comfort and safety
  
• High sound clarity in very noisy environments, can be used with hearing protection
  
• Can have the perception of stereo sound

Throat Microphone- Throat Microphone- A throat microphone, also laryngophone, is a type of microphone that picks up sound directly through sensors in contact with the neck. Because of this design, it is able to pick up speech in loud environments, such as on a motorcycle or in a night club, where other types of microphones would not function well because the speech would be drowned out by background noise. This type of microphone is also able to pick up whispers and works well in an environment where one has to keep quiet while communicating with others at a distance, such as during a covert military operation. Throat microphones were also extensively used in World War II-era aircraft, and by German tank crews.

Newer single-element designs are available that make the throat microphone much more comfortable to wear than earlier units. Additionally, this next generation of throat microphones provides varying outputs and frequency responses to accommodate a wide variety of communication devices such as digital and analog portable radios, Tetra & P25 systems, & cellular phones. Throat microphones are very useful in loud environments or when respiratory protection is required. Many full-face SCBA, SAR, SABA PAPR or re-breather masks do not have a provision for a microphone inside the mask. The throat microphone can be used safely as it is positioned outside the mask's face seal and as such does not compromise the respiratory protection provided by the mask nor does it violate mask approvals and certification.

Throat microphones are popular with paintball players as they allow competitors to insert communication equipment easily under protective masks and gear. Additionally the ability to whisper communications enables players to not give away their position during games.
does not feature whisper communications and requires users to speak at full volume. A throat microphone is available for iPhone, which is similar design to the armscale computer used by the computer system.

The Land warrior program is not just a suit of armor, but a system, which provides a multitude of advantages to soldiers. From invaluable intelligence at the fingertips of the soldiers via the network of communication relays, to the more tangible increase in range and firepower from the armored vehicles, the true secret of the system itself is it's ability to work with other units to form a more cohesive battlefield environment. Soldiers can be transported by vehicles connected to the land warrior system; these same hybrid vehicles can provide not only large radio communication fixtures, access to mortars, missiles, or higher strength weaponry, drones, and other beneficial features not usually available to infantry, but additionally be used to provide power for the system, serving as a virtual generator, in addition to transporting them to the sight, rather than requiring soldiers to move out on foot. These large vehicles can serve as launching platforms for UAV's, UGV's, or other parts of the system, to allow larger equiment, usually not capable of being carried around by troops, to be integrated into the over-all combat team. More powerful and faster processing computers found inside the vehicles can relay information to the troops and vice versa, cutting down on the size of the computers required for such a job on the person or increasing their capabilities in the field. This allows larger, more detailed, and more dynamic up to information on the battlefield (from maps to pictures of targets), with troops and commanders alike possessing access to warzone wide information, including quick communication and video and information relay, in addition to a map out of the general area with satellites, aircraft, and drones.

With the HULC exo-skeleton, the extra weight of land warrior system can be easier to carry, in addition to other equipment. The HULC is a battery and fuel cell powered, lower extremity exoskeleton. It carries up to 200 lbs (excluding the weight of the armor itself, or an additional 53 pounds), distributed between the front and back of the device. Loads attach to the exoskeleton system and are carried by the exoskeleton, bypassing the human operator, which put them into the ground, and take them off of the back and joints of the user. The effective forces felt by the operator are dramatically diminished reducing the risk of muscularskeletal injuries. Due to the fact the suit is integrated into the armor, which provides some of the support for the user, the hulc system only weighs 33 pounds.

The HULC provides power assistance at the hip and knee joint. The innovative hydraulic architecture is highly efficient enabling the system to run on batteries. Other exoskeleton systems, such as the Raytheon/SARCOS XOS 2 system are tethered to a power generator. The current battery capabilities, using quickly rechargeable lithium titanate systems, with longer cycle live's than lithium ion, allow for over 24 hours of continued transit in the field, with 200 pounds; more or less, this is approximately a 60 kilometer range at 4 kilometers per hour. The system can utilize a hydrogen fuel cell for 96 hours of constant operation, and can carry additional fuel (30 pounds) for 6-8 days of operation, depending on the operational load out and speed. This is an approximately 240 kilometer range, or 150 miles, or an additional 225 or 300 with the additional fuel.

For the first 24 hours or so, the rechargeable battery is utilized; this then transitions to the perishable fuel source of hydrogen, although this fuel is more difficult to replace. The range of the system is approximately 60 km per day, although it's likely the user will not travel this distance in this time. If weather permits, solar power can power the system indefinitely. The solar panels are covered in ALON, a high strength material which can protect the solar panels from damage sustained during combat, but also allow enough light in for the photovoltaic cells to operate efficiently, unlike traditional glass or other protective materials. The solar panels are primarily present on the shoulders and helmet. 12 hours of solar power are theoretically capable of allowing the device 24 hours of transit; thus, if the vehicle is in transit for 12 hours out of the day, it is possible to completely replenish the power needed for travel during this time.

Additionally, the hybrid vehicle can serve as a power source for the system, by allowing the users of the lighter weight infantry exoskeletons to sap off a small amount of energy from the battery of the vehicle (found in hybrids) to power their suits, in addition to refuelling from the hydrogen packs (which are much easier to carry in the vehicle than on the person, due to their weight). The hybrid vehicles themselves not only has a longer range than traditional ones, but additionally reduces the number of fuel trucks needed in the environment and increases their necessary range from the battlefield; this same system can also be used to power drones, the land warrior system, and the exoskeleton.

The exoskeleton is generally expected to be used in conjunction with armored vehicles, usually APC's, which can transport the soldiers to the battlefield and then allow the exoskeleton and soldier's inherent strength to get them the rest of the way needed on foot. While infantry are smaller and more stealthy, being manoeuvrable and agile, providing numerous advantages which large vehicles tend to lack, in general, infantry are utilized to prevent collateral damage or the death of innocent people, by using focused, precise attacks. The human brain can distinguish between targets and discriminate amongst the populace, determining whether or not a target is a civilian or enemy, and whether or not they should or should not be killed. Even the most advanced technology still lacks this ability, and relies heavily on human operators and expensive, if not simply risky equipment. Situations where vehicles are accessible, but not preferable, such as a hostage rescue environment, or just an environment where the enemy hides among civilians, virtually as human shields, can necessitate the use of smaller, more precise soldiers, who are unfortunately at risk from enemy attack; personal body armor that can be realistically carried by the person and stop common threats is generally not available, such as ak-47 or PKM rounds, due to the fact that the weight or bulk of the equipment is generally too high, especially considering the need for the additional weight of a combat load. By using the array of exoskeletons and biomechanical enhancements, the soldier can realistically carry such armor into combat, even if limited by the power source for such the relatively short time. Thus, transporting the soldier via mechanical means, as far as possible to the battlefield, by the vehicles, and providing a nearly infinite power supply in comparison (I.E. the engine to produce electricity, the ability to carry dozens of hydrogen fuel cell packs), takes the strain off of the soldiers, and broadens their capabilities beyond that of what the exoskeleton could do alone. Thus, in essence, the APC's or vehicles the AMAP system is designed to work with, not only can transport them to the sight, but recharge their batteries and power supply as well, serving both as a mobile generator and a rolling barricade. This is a particularly useful feature in house to house clearing, which are brief but incredibly dangerous, and currently rely entirely on skill, strategy and sheer will or physical capabilities to have soldiers avoid being killed, rather than anything systematic which nearly guarantees survival assuming all things are done correctly. By being able to wear the armor that would otherwise be too heavy, at least for a short time period, into these particularly dangerous environments, it can dramatically increase the success rate as well as the survival rate of soldiers in these otherwise precarious environments.

The Radiostopic Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.

RTGs have been used as power sources in satellites, space probes, and unmanned remote facilities such as a series of lighthouses built by the former Soviet Union inside the Arctic Circle. RTGs are usually the most desirable power source for robotic or unmaintained situations that need a few hundred watts (or less) of power for durations too long for fuel cells, batteries, or generators to provide economically and in places where solar cells are not practical. Safe use of RTGs requires containment of the radioisotopes long after the productive life of the unit. RTG's are used extensively for use in the artificial heart, to provide the constant power needed to prevent it from stopping; due to the increased blood volume, without the artificial heart constantly working, it can put extensive strain on the heart, although likely not enough to immediately killer the host.

A primary key issue with most RTG's is fuel efficiency. While they can operate for several decades, converting the heat produced via the radiation into electricity, they typically have incredibly low efficiency, unless utilizing otherwise expensive materials. Americurium 241 is utilized over Plutonium 238 due to the increased volume and ease of extraction due to it's purity in the nuclear process. It possess approximately 4.92 times the lifepsan of plutonium, but produces approximately a quarter of the power. While it produces stronger radiation than P238, it is still the second easiest to contain of all fuels. Most RTG's get between 3-8% efficiency of heat to energy production. Utilizing some newer, experimental designs, the RTG's can achieve nearly 20% efficiency, although they depend on a radically different method of converting the heat to electricity; in the particular case of the RTG, they convert infrared radiation to electricity. While only a portion of the total heat energy, the conversion efficiency is much higher, and thus more energy can be produced from this process.

The system therefore requires approximately 17.5 grams of Americurium-238, to produce around 3.5 watts of energy. The RTG is utilized for it's small size and relatively compact design. While Radiostopic Thermoelectric generators generally tend to be more efficient, the RTG is intended for use with the artificial heart, and thus needs to be easy to round on the person at all times. While Americurium tends to be rather rare and expensive, and it easy to siphon off from the nuclear process.